Serial costume history 3 – The Gatsby style and trousered divas

In the third part of our fashion historical review, girls of the twenties and thirties were already working and having fun carefreely. Both activities required comfortable clothes. Flapper girls with bob haircut danced Charleston on dance-parties. Masculine characteristics appeared on women’s clothes; Marlene Dietrich proved that even trousers could be feminine. Gentlemen already without beards wore suits, bow-ties and varied hats.

By the twenties, working women living on their own earnings was not a novelty anymore. The clothes trade started mass production at the beginning of the 20^th century. The meeting of these two factors and the fungating advertisements and stores resulted that the garment trade gathered ground – so women did not wear only unique clothes.

Art décoratif

The clothes of the 1920s were defined by art déco that mixed art nouveau and avant-garde trends, and which has become popular again recently. Originally, it was an architectural and artistic stream, but it appeared in fashion as well. Geometrical patterns typify it; in contrast with the waves and snaky tendrils of art nouveau, it uses straight lines. The art déco fashion was the tube dress, which was about knee-length and did not emphasize shapes – in addition, even breasts were usually pressed down. This style also included the bob, with feathered or lacy and tulle headpieces, headbands or hats pulled on the forehead, but the largeness of the latter was no longer in fashion. A French hairdresser Marcel Grateau invented the so-called Marcel-wave in 1872, which became really popular during the twenties and thirties.

Flapper girls and the Charleston

After WW I, people felt liberated; as the stress from the war footing ceased to exist, they looked for inexhaustible sources of joy. What else could be this form of hedonism than music and dance? Jazz started conquering the world (swing followed it in the next decade), as well as dances like Charleston, One-Step and foxtrot. Girls wore flapper dresses on dance-parties: cosy knee-length decollete dresses with fringes and sequins allowing them to move freely. You can see in our image gallery how much of these trends affected our country.

In this decade, Coco Chanel created the obligatory occasion dress for almost a hundred years of a modern woman’s wardrobe: the little black dress with the mock pearl necklace accessory. The tweed suit was also born – the idea of a dress made of tweed that had been worn by men until then came during a trip in Scotland.

This period did not bring any changes in men’s fashion: gentlemen wore dark suits with ties or bow-ties. A hat was inevitable: either the elegant homburg, the light Panama hat or the informal newsboy cap. This latter was known as ‘coppola’ in Southern Italy and Sicily. For example, members of the mafia also loved wearing it. The most salient change on men was probably the lack of a beard.

Divas and fashion

Hollywood that developed in the 1910s also had an increasing impact on fashion. Great Garbo was an icon of the twenties; the Swedish-born actress conquered the American film industry with her cold northern beauty. Besides being a femme fatale wearing extraordinary dress creations, she daringly mixed feminine elegance with the comfortable masculine style and often wore flat shoes. The deservedly famous turtleneck sweater that she brought into fashion preserved her name.

During the thirties, Marlene Dietrich’s attraction to masculine appearance (similarly to Garbo) canonized further the manly-tailored clothes. For example, the trouser-suit and the Oxford bags (loose-fitting baggy trousers). At the same time, she also loved feminine creations, hats and fur coats. The cigarette was a part of her outfit – just like the Hungarian diva Katalin Karády’s, who was active as of the end of the thirties, the smouldering cigarette became her ‘trade-mark’, too.

Streamlined ‘30s

During the thirties, women liked skimped, below the knee length dresses and the blouse and skirt sets, which showed the natural lines of the body. Usually they were not natural maximally, because they also liked ‘secret’ shapewear. After the tube dresses, the slim waist became the ideal of beauty again. To decorate blouses and dresses, they liked lacy or bow collars and bag-sleeves. Hairdressing was a bit longer than the bob, but waves were still very popular; hats and gloves were still beloved accessories too.

National Movement for Hungarian Clothing

After the war defeat and the Trianon Treaty, Hungarian-style fashion took wings again: in forms, use of materials and application of folk art motifs. Ferenc Ferenczy was one of the spokespersons of the trend; he founded the National Movement for Hungarian Clothing. This gave a new impulse to the Hungarian fashion design, the tailorage and the traditionalist applied arts and made the Hungarian folk costumes popular across Europe as well. At the fashion show of Paris in 1934-35, braided clothes were also introduced, inspired by the Hungarian folk art. As of the end of the thirties, the clothing movement that honoured the folklore originally received political shade and wore the seal of extreme right-wingism for a long time.

In the forties, the war brought about distressed circumstances. On the other hand, Christian Dior’s ‘new look’ fashion trend with slender-waisted loose skirts started developing during this period. In the next chapter of our fashion history exhibition, we are going to peep into the wardrobes of the forties and fifties.

TEJ

Translated by Zita Aknai

Sources:

Recommendation

Keep out moustache, here comes the beard

The beard is the fur that grows on men’s faces. It covers the lower part of the face and the chin; it can even reach the neck. The area between the mouth and the nose is called a moustache. The beard had crucial functions even in the prehistoric ages. It kept the face warm, protected the mouth from dirt and it also frightened away enemies. During history, it was the symbol of masculinity and potency. It also represented and still represents a kind of coherency among men wearing a beard. Jowls can be found on certain mammals too: for example dogs, goats.

Cult of moustache

The moustache is a part of men’s facial hair that grows between the nose and the mouth. It is a secondary sex characteristic that also has an aesthetic function. In certain social groups, it is an identity creating power and a fashion phenomenon, a symbol that changes during history. They have a different role in the animal world: antennas and olfactory organs that help night animals, mainly felines and other small mammals. In the case of fishes (including catfish and carp) the moustache-like dermal pendants also serve sensing and orientation. You can even find birds with whiskers.

As long as the Danube… - hairstyle-historical curiosities

The human head of hair is an inevitable part of cultural history. During history, men usually formed their hair and facial hair according to fashion, followed the actual ruler – and sometimes wore a certain hairstyle because of revolt or constraint. In case of women, mainly in folk cultures, hairstyles always meant something: age, marital status – besides the fashion and revolt. Wearing and presenting hair are immortal symbols of life-force, health, and it also signifies power and is a tool of self-expression.

Serial costume history 2 - The Belle Époque

In the second part of our fashion historical review, we are going to study the clothes of the turn of the century and the 1910s. Women abandon clumsy hoops and stiff corsets; uncomfortable decorations are replaced by practical common sense and elegant simplicity. We can owe these mainly to reform-costumed artistesses, suffragettes and to Coco Chanel. Our selection is dominated by female portraits, because men held on to the so far acknowledged elegancy; their clothes did not change a lot.

Serial costume history 1 (1850-1900)

The second half of the 19th century was the beginning of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy period and the late Victorian era. This was the time of the American civil war, the colonisation rivalry and the second industrial revolution. The time of grandiose dress creations: the ladies’ spectacular appearance has been still recalling the typical nostalgia for the period. On the other hand, gentlemen’s costumes did not really differ from formal attires of today’s men. With the portrait photos of our database, we are going to show what kind of clothes they wore during these decades.

Fairies in Zugliget – Children's sanatorium of Margit Révész

Margit Révész was a pioneer in the medical profession, choosing this career at a time when the road was not paved for women yet. In 1911, the child psychologist doctor founded her special education sanatorium, a residential institution in the forest of Zugliget. Our writing examines the life of doctor Révész and the children’s sanatorium, as it was called at the time, the story of “Sani”.

More thematic virtual exhibitions